Scientists have long noted a connection between opioid use disorder and chronic pain, however brain mechanisms linking opioid use disorder and chronic pain are poorly understood. This first-of-its-kind study by researchers at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and College of Medicine and University of Michigan Medical School explored one potential mechanism – central sensitization – among individuals with opioid use disorder.

Central sensitization refers to abnormal pain processing in the brain and spinal cord. People with central sensitization have spinal cords that are unusually good at sending pain signals to the brain, and brains that struggle to turn off those signals once they arrive. This means people with greater central sensitization tend to suffer more with pain than others.

"Our study is the first to give patients with opioid use disorder a scale that measures central sensitization," said O. Trent Hall, lead author of the study and an addiction medicine physician in Ohio State's Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health. "Our study provides the first evidence of central sensitization underlying the chronic pain and OUD relationship and demonstrates a new tool for easily measuring central sensitization among individuals with opioid use disorder."

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Study findings are published in the journal PAIN Reports, an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain.

Researchers recruited 141 study participants from Ohio State Wexner Medical Center's addiction treatment center in Columbus, Ohio. As part of the study, researchers administered the American College of Rheumatology 2011 Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria via electronic survey. Participants also responded to questions about pain interference, quality of life and items regarding pain-beliefs and expectations of pain and addiction treatment.

Chronic pain may lead to opioid use disorder, and people with chronic pain and this disorder have a harder time quitting opioids than people with the disorder only. So, it's critical to find answers to how pain and opioid use disorder are connected in the brain. Researchers measured quality of life across eight life domains including general health, physical functioning, mental health, social functioning, vitality, bodily pain, role limitations due to physical health and role limitations due to emotional problems.

According to Hall, they found that greater central sensitization was associated with worse quality of life among patients with opioid use disorder.

"Additionally, patients higher in central sensitization were more likely to report pain as a major reason for why their opioid addiction first began, as well as for putting off addiction treatment, continuing and increasing their use of opioids, and fear of pain causing OUD relapse in the future," said senior author Daniel J. Clauw, M.D., director of the Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center at the University of Michigan.

This study suggests central sensitization may be an important underlying factor complicating the treatment of chronic pain and OUD. This provides an example for other clinicians and researchers to measure central sensitization in OUD, which could help them produce better treatments for people suffering with chronic pain and opioid use disorder.

As a physician with a background in both pain and addiction, Hall has cared for many patients suffering deeply with both conditions and he realizes that treatment options are limited.

"It's important to me to search for new ways to help," Hall said.

"But we can't create better treatments for chronic pain and opioid use disorder without first understanding how the two relate. I did this study because I believed it might offer a new window into what is happening in the brains of patients needing help with pain and addiction."

Clauw added: "We hope to put in a grant with the OSU team within the next year to expand upon these findings since we feel that treating opioid use disorder in someone with chronic pain should be quite different than someone without pain."

The team plans to follow patients with central sensitization and opioid use disorder over time to find out if they respond differently to treatments or have different outcomes and to study whether existing treatments for central sensitization are beneficial for patients with chronic pain and opioid use disorder.

Funding was provided by the Care Innovation and Community Improvement Plan (CICIP), a program of the Ohio Department of Medicaid. Clauw has testified in state lawsuits against opioid manufacturers for their role in the opioid overdose crisis. The remaining authors report no relevant conflicts of interest.

Paper cited: "Central sensitization in opioid use disorder: a novel application of the American College of Rheumatology Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria," PAIN Reports. DOI: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000001016

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